Relationship Between Pain Intensity and Workload with The Functional Degree of Low Back Pain in Warehouse Workers at The BULOG Rice Warehouse in Cirebon City
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59141/-.v8i2.476Keywords:
Low Back Pain, pain intensity, workload, functional degree, pelvic cooliesAbstract
Low Back Pain (LBP) is a leading cause of global disability and often occurs among informal sector workers who are exposed to high physical loads, such as pelvic coolies. Pain intensity and workload are thought to play a role in the decline in functional capacity, but evidence concerning informal worker populations remains limited. This study aims to analyze the relationship between pain intensity and workload with the functional degree of LBP in pelvic coolies at the BULOG Rice Warehouse in Cirebon City. An analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted on 38 pelvic coolies who met the inclusion criteria. Pain intensity was measured using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), workload was categorized by force weight (<20 kg; 20–30 kg; >30 kg), and functional degree was measured using the Back Pain Functional Scale (BPFS). Bivariate analysis used the Spearman correlation test with a significance level of p<0.05. Most respondents experienced mild pain (52.63%) and a moderate workload (47.4%). The median functional degree of LBP was 55% ± 4.77%. There was a significant relationship between pain intensity and the functional degree of LBP (p=0.001; r=0.530) with moderate correlation strength and a positive direction. No association was found between workload and the functional degree of LBP (p=0.327; r=0.163). Pain intensity was significantly related to the functional degree of LBP in pelvic coolies, whereas workload did not show a meaningful relationship. The management of LBP in informal sector workers needs to focus on pain management and functional capacity improvement through rehabilitative approaches and work ergonomics.
Downloads
References
Ak., T. G. of. (2023). The Effect of Back Exercise on Low Back Pain (LBP) Complaints in Sorting Area Workers. Aleph, 87, 149–200.
Andini, F. (2015). Risk Factors of Low Back Pain. Work Journal Major, 4, 12–18.
Balagué, F., Mannion, A. F., Pellisé, F., & Cedraschi, C. (2012). Non-specific low back pain. The Lancet, 379(9814), 482–491.
Buchbinder, R., van Tulder, M., Öberg, B., & al., et. (2018). Low back pain: a call for action. The Lancet, 391(10137), 2384–2388.
Foster, N. E., Anema, J. R., Cherkin, D., & al., et. (2018). Prevention and treatment of low back pain: evidence, challenges, and promising directions. The Lancet, 391(10137), 2368–2383.
Habir, A. H., Hikmah, B. N., & Sani, A. (2023). Low Back Pain (LBP) Factors in UD Rice Factory Workers. Wind Public Health Journal, 4(5), 743–754.
Hartvigsen, J., Hancock, M. J., Kongsted, A., & al., et. (2018). What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention. The Lancet, 391(10137), 2356–2367.
Hoy, D., Bain, C., Williams, G., & al., et. (2012). A systematic review of the global prevalence of low back pain. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 64(6), 2028–2037.
Islamiyah, S., & Inayah, Z. (2023). Case Report: Low Back Pain. Jurnal Malahayati, 10(3), 1672–1680.
Knezevic, N. N., Candido, K. D., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., & al., et. (2021). Low back pain. The Lancet, 398(10294), 78–92.
Maher, C. G., Underwood, M., & Buchbinder, R. (2017). Non-specific low back pain. The Lancet, 389(10070), 736–747.
Purwata, T. E., Sadeli, H. A., Yudiyanta, & al., et. (2015). Characteristics of neuropathic pain in Indonesia. Journal of Neurology Asia, 20(4), 389–394.
Rahmawati, A. (2021). Risk Factor of Low Back Pain. JMH, 3(1), 402–406.
Rizki, M. M., & Saftarina, R. (2020). Medication Management in Chronic Low Back Pain. Medical Journal of Lampung University, 9, 1–7.
Rohmawan, E. A., & Hariyono, W. (2017). Working Period, Work Attitude, and Low Back Pain (LBP) Complaints in Production Section Workers. In Seminar Nasional Ikakesmada (Vol. 41, Issue 1, pp. 171–180).
Saputra, A. (2020). Work Attitude, Working Period, and Age to Low Back Pain Complaints in Batik Artisans. Higeia Journal, 1(3), 625–634.
Steffens, D., Maher, C. G., Pereira, L. S., & al., et. (2016). Prevention of low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Internal Medicine, 176(2), 199–208.
Vos, T., Lim, S. S., Abbafati, C., & al., et. (2020). Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019. The Lancet, 396(10258), 1204–1222.
Wu, A., March, L., Zheng, X., & al., et. (2020). Global low back pain prevalence and years lived with disability. Annals of Translational Medicine, 8(6), 299–305.
Zakaria, R., & Ariscasari, P. (2023). Factors Related to the Incidence of Low Back Pain (LBP) in Employees. J Tambusai Health, 4(2), 1716–1722.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Moh. Irwan Dharmansyah, Maryano Maryano, Kati Sriwiyati
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC-BY-SA). that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
